Part Two of the Book

     Exposure is the first thing that we learn about in the part 2 of the book. . The histogram can help out a lot when trying to keep track of your camera exposure. Exposure is based on through the lens light meter reading that transmit the luminance of scene onto the camera. One can control their exposure manually or automatically and by using the aperture and shutter speed. The histogram records the luminance of scene and tells you if all parts of scene have been recorded on sensor. The amount of light that is hitting the sensor can be measured by the shutter speed, which makes adjustments to its durations, or by its intensity, which is the aperture. The aperture priority mode gives priority to depth of field and the shutter priority mode helps shoot at a fast shutter speed for a frozen image or a slow shutter speed for a blurred picture. The exposure compensation feature can be used for improving base of exposure and by improving chances of well captured exposure the first time by compensating for meters failings. This is usually a convenient button or wheel. For lighter subjects you should increase exposure by a few stops and for darker subjects you should decrease exposure by a few stops. White scene will record as gray without exposure compensation.
     The second chapter of Part 2, Reading the light, talks about which times of the day are best and worst for taking nature photographs and also it talks about the various different kinds of lighting. The different types of lighting consist of sidelight, frontlight, twilight, and overcast light.Frontlighting is when you are shooting a specimen with the sun directly behind you, this illuminates the subject and shows the saturated color and the contrast between different colors and fine detail in all parts of the scene.From sidelight the sun can illuminate the scene to reveal its form and texture.Backlight works best when the sun is directly behind the subject. More highlights of certain parts of your subject can be produced with backlighting. Lens flare is a big problem to look out for when using backlighting in your photographs. Twilight happens when the sun is just below the horizon and the light from glowing sky overhead illuminates the scene. With clouds present the picture can appear to look warmer and you should shoot with long exposures with twilight. Overcast light creates a very soft light that will not ruin the photo with deep shadows. Both fine detail and saturated color will be captured greatly.
     The depth of field of your photograph shows the subject in sharp detail. You can adjust your depth of field by setting the aperture to a f/stop that you have for your set exposure. This shows you what is sharp and what is not so sharp. Depth of field can also help control your exposure and point of focus when shooting. Depth of field goes right along side magnification of subject and your aperture size. If your magnification is higher then your depth of field is less and its the opposite with aperture size.The next chapter is all about motion effects and using your shutter speed and camera movement to control the effect of motion. Both shutter speed and aperture can be used to
     Modifying natural light can be done from using filters and reflectors. Filters help reduce contrast and they also enhance color of subject. You can find several different brands of filters out there on the market. You can typically find one size of filter to use for all of your lenses and then just use step up rings for your smaller lenses. Polarizing filters are probably the most convenient way to go, they produce greater color saturation by reducing or eliminating reflected glare from non-metallic surfaces. These filters can also reduce scene brightness. There are also split neutral density filters half of it is clear and then other half is gray which will darken part of scene which it is placed over. The dark part of filter is usually placed over brighter part of scene. The graduated neutral density filters, this can help define clear and dark regions. You can get warming filters or blue/gold polarizing filters to help in areas of pictures with those certain colors.
     The chapter called Designing The Picture Space is probably the most important part of the book.  Dominance is a key when using certain elements to capture a great photo. These seven elements that we learned are red is more attractive than yellow, large draws more attention than small, difference draws more attention than conformity, jagged lines are more striking than curved ones, diagonal lines are more attractive than vertical ones, sharpness is more attractive than blur, and light is more attractive than dark. Along with seven elements color grabs a persons attention quite well. The warm colors; red, yellow, and orange have more visual power than cool colors, like blue and green. The center of interest can usually  be placed anywhere and someone will find it, but usually you should place it according to the rule of thirds, one third from sides and top and bottom.